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Welfare state reform has been a focus of domestic policy making in many European countries in recent years. Representing almost a third of the EU population and two distinctive models of European welfare states, this book compares development in British and German social policy over the past 25 years. During this time four periods of conservative governments were followed by centre-left administrations in both countries. Moreover, the respective economic and social positions of thetwo countries have been reversed. Adverse socio-economic developments have contributed to the waning of the erstwh

Welfare state --- Great Britain --- Germany --- Social policy. --- State, Welfare --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- BRD --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República Federal de Alemania --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- Economic policy --- Public welfare --- Social policy --- State, The --- Welfare economics --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс

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Endlich bilanziert ein Themenband die regional- und lokalgeschichtlich spezialisierten Einzelforschungen zum Nationalsozialismus. Die Beiträge resümieren die Forschungsergebnisse, sie diskutieren auch die methodischen Probleme einer Regionalgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus. Beiträge von: Hellmuth Auerbach , Walter L. Bernecker, Werner K. Blessing, Christoph Boyer/ Jaroslav Kucera, Gerhard Brunn / Jürgen Reulecke, Ursula Büttner, Volker Dahm, Kurt Düwell, Roger Engelmann, Ernst Hanisch, Horst Möller, Jeremy Noakes, Heinz-J. Priamus, Wolfram Pyta, Cornelia Rauh-Kühne, Michael Ruck, Detlef Schm

National socialism --- Germany --- History --- History, Local. --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- BRD --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República Federal de Alemania --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- Third Reich, 1933-1945 --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Nazism --- Authoritarianism --- Fascism --- Nazis --- Neo-Nazism --- Totalitarianism --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Causes --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс

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After the Second World War, German historians had to readjust their own position in the tension between national self-image and international science. The articles in this volume refer both to the tendency to persist and to the potential for change that characterized the reinstitutionalization of West German historical studies after 1945. The obstacles that German and French historians had to overcome in order to enter into scientific communication after the war run through the volume like a red thread. While German historical scholarship succeeded step by step to weave back into the "ecumenism of historians", the bridges between historians from the Federal Republic and those from the GDR gradually broke off. Contributions by Christoph Cornelißen, Corine Defrance, Heinz Duchhardt, Astrid Eckert, Thomas Etzemüller, Agnès Graceffa, Mario Kessler, Michael Matheus, Anne Christine Nagel, Ulrich Pfeil, Rainer Riemenschneider, Martin Sabrow, Axel Schildt, Peter Schöttler, Ernst Schulin, Winfried Schulze .

Historiography --- Historiographie --- History --- Congresses. --- Histoire --- Congrès --- Germany --- Europe --- Allemagne --- Congresses --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- BRD --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República Federal de Alemania --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- History (General). --- HISTORY / General. --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс

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La première République allemande eut une existence brève et tumultueuse avant de céder la place en 1933 au Reich hitlérien après une lente agonie. Quelles sont les raisons de l'échec de cette première expérience de démocratie en Allemagne ? Cet ouvrage réunit les contributions d'historiens, de juristes et de germanistes français et allemands et se propose d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse à ces questions en analysant les causes et les circonstances de la catastrophe finale ainsi que les conditions de la mise en place de la dictature national-socialiste. Les réflexions sur la vie et la mort d'une démo­cratie intéresseront tous ceux qui estiment que les leçons du passé peuvent éclairer le présent.

Democracy --- Congresses. --- Germany --- Politics and government --- History --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- Gėrman --- German Uls --- Герман Улс --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Adolf Hitler --- démocratie --- République de Weimar

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1984 marked a low point in East-West relations. NATO's deployment of medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe as well as the announcement of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) led to a ratcheting up of tensions. The CDE, a conference that sought to build confidence and promote disarmament, first convened in Stockholm in 1984, yet it was not possible to break the deadlock in negotiations over nuclear weapons until after the death of Andropov and Reagan's election victory. West Germany and France expanded their cooperation during this period as they sought greater European integration as well as the strengthening of the Western European Union (WEU). The West German government in Bonn came under pressure following reports that German firms had assisted Iraq with chemical weapons production. It was also criticized for considering the delivery of tanks to Saudi Arabia. Meanwhile, a growing number of East Germans were taking refuge in Western embassies, seeking to escape the Eastern bloc. This fanned tensions between East and West; bowing to Soviet pressure, the East German head of state, Erich Honecker, cancelled a trip to West Germany. The difficult historical burden borne by West Germany was evident during the D-Day memorial ceremony in Normandy as well as during the memorial service attended by Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand in Verdun. West Germany was exhorted by many nations to shun revanchism and "Pangermanism." The 357 documents made available for the first time in this collection address a range of other topics, including the assassination of Indira Gandhi, the wars in Lebanon and the Pesian Gulf, the conflicts in Central America, and the Polish Crisis. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Auswärtigen Amts vom Institut für ZeitgeschichteHauptherausgeber: Horst Möller, Mitherausgeber: Gregor Schöllgen und Andreas WirschingWissenschaftliche Leiterin: Ilse Dorothee Pautsch Anfang 1984 befanden sich die Ost-West-Beziehungen angesichts der Nachrüstung in Westeuropa und der amerikanischen SDI-Pläne auf dem Tiefpunkt. Dennoch wurde in Stockholm die "Konferenz über Vertrauens- und Sicherheitsbildende Maßnahmen und Abrüstung in Europa" eröffnet. Der Stillstand in den Gesprächen der beiden Supermächte über Kernwaffen konnte allerdings erst nach dem Tod Andropows und dem Wahlsieg Ronald Reagans überwunden werden. Die Bundesrepublik und Frankreich dagegen intensivierten ihre Zusammenarbeit und bemühten sich um die Vertiefung der europäischen Integration und eine Belebung der WEU. Unter Druck geriet Bonn durch saudiarabische Panzerlieferungswünsche und Meldungen über die Beteiligung deutscher Firmen an der Chemiewaffen-Produktion im Irak. Auch mit der DDR kam es zu Problemen angesichts der steigenden Zahl von Ausreisewilligen, die sich in westliche diplomatische Vertretungen geflüchtet hatten. Ein Besuch Erich Honeckers in der Bundesrepublik wurde auf sowjetischen Druck abgesagt. Das schwierige historische Erbe der Bundesrepublik zeigte sich bei den D-Day-Gedenkfeiern in der Normandie, dem Auftritt von Helmut Kohl und François Mitterrand in Verdun sowie in Warnungen vor Revanchismus und "Pangermanismus", die auch von Verbündeten geäußert wurden. Darüber hinaus behandeln die hier erstmals zugänglichen 357 Dokumente u.a. die Ermordung Indira Gandhis, die Kriege im Libanon und am Persischen Golf, die Konflikte in Mittelamerika sowie die Krise in Polen.

Germany --- Foreign relations --- Weimar Republic --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Германия --- BRD --- FRN --- Jirmānīya --- جرمانيا --- Nimechchyna --- Gjermani --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Ashkenaz --- Germanyah --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Deutschland --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República Federal de Alemania --- Alemania --- República de Alemania --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- KhBNGU --- ХБНГУ --- German Uls --- Germania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Deutsches Reich --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Weimarer Republik --- Vācijā --- ドイツ --- Doitsu --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Außenpolitik. --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland. --- Federal Republic of Germany. --- Foreign policy. --- KSZE. --- records. --- HISTORY / Europe / Germany. --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс